Presbyterianism is a major tradition within Protestant Christianity, named after the Greek word presbyteros (“elder”). It is defined primarily by its system of church government (polity) in which elected elders govern the church, and by its roots in Reformed (Calvinist) theology.
Presbyterians hold to The Westminster Standards, those collection of key doctrinal and practical documents produced by the Westminster Assembly (1643–1649/1653), a council of theologians (“divines”) and members of the English Parliament that met at Westminster Abbey during the English Civil War. Their purpose was to reform the Church of England in doctrine, worship, and government along Reformed (Calvinist) and Presbyterian lines.
Westminster Confession of Faith (completed 1646)
A systematic statement of Christian doctrine in 33 chapters. It covers the authority of Scripture, the nature of God and the Trinity, creation, the fall, God’s covenants, Christ’s person and work, salvation (including justification, sanctification, and perseverance), the church, the sacraments, civil government, and the last things. It is a classic expression of 17th-century Reformed theology, influenced by Puritan and covenant theology.
Westminster Larger Catechism (1647)
A detailed set of 196 questions and answers designed for fuller instruction, especially for teachers, preachers, and mature believers. It expands on the Confession’s doctrines and gives particular attention to the Ten Commandments and the means of grace.
Westminster Shorter Catechism (1647)
A concise set of 107 questions and answers intended for memorization and basic instruction, especially of children and new believers. Its famous opening question is: “What is the chief end of man? Man’s chief end is to glorify God, and to enjoy him forever.”